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On Zeros in Grading

Grades. Formative assessments. Summative assessments. Whatever we call these things, teachers have the responsibility to report the degree to which students have learned what they were supposed to learn. While this seems a straight-forward aspect of the work, it is highly contentious, and different educators have very different perspectives on it. I have addressed this Read More

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What it Means to Learn

Since I was a teenager, I’ve been interested in teaching and learning. My adult life has been spent as an educator in many roles and in several types of institutions. I’ve taught, led, researched, read and studied, written… and learned.   One unquestionable conclusion about learning (in my opinion) is that we use one single term Read More

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Vygotsky was Right

Alex Kozulin noted in the prologue to his book Vygotsky’s Psychology (1990), For Vygotsky, one’s psychology is the product of complex dynamics between the individual and his or her social environment, and new discoveries raise more questions that can only be understood using inclusive methods. For Vygtosky, learning is a social process.

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On Teaching for Transfer

Scholars who study learning transfer generally differentiate near transfer from far transfer.   Near transfer refers to a learner’s ability to use their knowledge and skill in settings that are similar to those in which they originally learned. In some training settings (for example learning how to operate hardware or software), the application setting is almost Read More

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On Variety in Teaching

Teaching is often assumed to be a simple system: The curriculum is assumed to be well-know and clearly defined (it isn’t–unless one accepts textbook publishers’ profit-driven judgments). Instruction is assumed to be reliable (it isn’t—at least when we really look and ask). Assessment is assumed to be valid (it isn’t—really, we have no tests measure Read More